{"id":12,"date":"2023-03-20T14:35:06","date_gmt":"2023-03-20T13:35:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/?page_id=12"},"modified":"2026-03-15T12:35:50","modified_gmt":"2026-03-15T11:35:50","slug":"accueuil","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/","title":{"rendered":"Accueil"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-281b66d9 wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"uagb-separator-spacing-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M0 256C0 114.6 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 114.6 512 256C512 397.4 397.4 512 256 512C114.6 512 0 397.4 0 256zM371.8 211.8C382.7 200.9 382.7 183.1 371.8 172.2C360.9 161.3 343.1 161.3 332.2 172.2L224 280.4L179.8 236.2C168.9 225.3 151.1 225.3 140.2 236.2C129.3 247.1 129.3 264.9 140.2 275.8L204.2 339.8C215.1 350.7 232.9 350.7 243.8 339.8L371.8 211.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-0021400c alignwide uagb-is-root-container\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading toc\"><a href=\"#A1\">Qu&rsquo;est-ce que ce dictionnaire<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading toc\"><a href=\"#A2\">Comment chercher un mot<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading toc\"><a href=\"#A3\">Tableau d&rsquo;aide et de notation<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading toc\"><a href=\"#A4\">What is this dictionnary ?<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading toc\"><a href=\"#A5\">How to search for a word<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading toc\"><a href=\"#A6\">Help Table<\/a><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-baa9f251 wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"uagb-separator-spacing-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M0 256C0 114.6 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 114.6 512 256C512 397.4 397.4 512 256 512C114.6 512 0 397.4 0 256zM371.8 211.8C382.7 200.9 382.7 183.1 371.8 172.2C360.9 161.3 343.1 161.3 332.2 172.2L224 280.4L179.8 236.2C168.9 225.3 151.1 225.3 140.2 236.2C129.3 247.1 129.3 264.9 140.2 275.8L204.2 339.8C215.1 350.7 232.9 350.7 243.8 339.8L371.8 211.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"A1\"><strong>Qu\u2019est-ce que ce dictionnaire ?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il recouvre le lexique de tous les parlers arabes des Juifs du Maroc, sous ses formes orales et \u00e9crites. Il est constitu\u00e9 de termes issus d\u2019enqu\u00eates de terrain, de textes publi\u00e9s, de litt\u00e9rature, d\u2019\u00e9tudes acad\u00e9miques, d\u2019enregistrements, de lexiques ou dictionnaires d\u00e9j\u00e0 existants, de lettres priv\u00e9es, de discussions issues des r\u00e9seaux sociaux, ainsi que de textes ou recueils in\u00e9dits. Vous trouverez le d\u00e9tail des sources dans la rubrique \u00ab Sources \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-c37004bd wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"uagb-separator-spacing-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M0 256C0 114.6 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 114.6 512 256C512 397.4 397.4 512 256 512C114.6 512 0 397.4 0 256zM371.8 211.8C382.7 200.9 382.7 183.1 371.8 172.2C360.9 161.3 343.1 161.3 332.2 172.2L224 280.4L179.8 236.2C168.9 225.3 151.1 225.3 140.2 236.2C129.3 247.1 129.3 264.9 140.2 275.8L204.2 339.8C215.1 350.7 232.9 350.7 243.8 339.8L371.8 211.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"A2\"><strong>Comment chercher un mot ?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les entr\u00e9es du dictionnaire sont organis\u00e9es en fonction des formes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de l\u2019arabe marocain standard. En effet, les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s juives de l\u2019arabe marocain sont diverses, chaque mot connaissant de nombreuses variantes, tant \u00e0 l\u2019oral qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9crit. Aussi, afin de rassembler les diff\u00e9rentes formes r\u00e9gionales, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisi de les regrouper sous les formes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence du dialecte standard, m\u00eame si ces formes ne sont que rarement attest\u00e9es dans les dialectes juifs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compte tenu des sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s d\u2019ordre phon\u00e9tique et phonologique de ces parlers, il faudra acqu\u00e9rir certains r\u00e9flexes dans la recherche. Il faut d\u2019abord savoir que les parlers jud\u00e9omarocains ont le plus souvent amalgam\u00e9 les sons \/\u0161\/ (\u05e9) et \/s\/ (\u05e1), r\u00e9duits \u00e0 \/s\/ (\u05e1). La r\u00e9alisation des consonnes dites \u00ab emphatiques \u00bb est souvent faible. Celles-ci sont alors parfois amalgam\u00e9es \u00e0 leurs formes non emphatiques dans la prononciation effective. Ainsi, \/s\/ (\u05e1) et \/\u1e63\/ (\u05e6) sont souvent not\u00e9s \u05e1, ou encore \/d\/ (\u05d3) et \/\u1e0d\/ (\u05e6\u0307) not\u00e9s \u05d3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il faut donc garder \u00e0 l\u2019esprit qu\u2019un mot not\u00e9 avec \u05e1 dans un texte peut \u00eatre class\u00e9 \u00e0 \u05e6 dans le dictionnaire, voire \u00e0 \u05e9 selon son \u00e9tymologie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quelques exemples :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">le verbe \u00ab voir \u00bb, en jud\u00e9o-marocain s\u0101f, se trouve le plus souvent not\u00e9 \u05e1\u05d0\u05e3\u0307 dans les textes en caract\u00e8res h\u00e9breux. Pourtant, le \/s\/ de s\u0101f est issu d\u2019un \/\u0161\/ (ch) \u00e9tymologique, comme le propose l\u2019arabe marocain standard \u0161\u0101f. C\u2019est donc \u00e0 \u00ab \u05e9\u05d0\u05e3 \u00bb (\u0161\u0101f) qu\u2019il faudra chercher dans le dictionnaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019adjectif \u00ab maigre \u00bb est souvent not\u00e9 \u05d3\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3\u0307 en jud\u00e9o-marocain. Pourtant, le son \/d\/ de ce mot est \u00ab emphatique \u00bb en marocain standard \/\u1e0d\/. C\u2019est donc \u00e0 \u05e6\u0307\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3\u0307 qu\u2019il se trouvera dans le dictionnaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019utilisateur du dictionnaire devra s\u2019habituer \u00e0 tester plusieurs formules dans ses recherches. Il devra donc alterner les chuintantes et les sifflantes (\u05e1, \u05e9, \u05d6, \u05e6, \u05d2\u0323), les consonnes emphatiques et non emphatiques (\u05d3-\u05e6\u0307, \u05e1-\u05e6, \u05ea-\u05d8) ainsi que les sourdes et sonores (\u05d3-\u05ea, \u05e1-\u05d6, \u05d8-\u05e6\u0307). Toutefois, afin de r\u00e9duire ces difficult\u00e9s inh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 la nature composite du dialecte et \u00e0 ses notations non uniformis\u00e9es, un certain nombre de formes rejet\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ajout\u00e9es pour chaque \u00e9l\u00e9ment du lexique. Elles devraient r\u00e9orienter automatiquement l\u2019utilisateur vers le terme recherch\u00e9. Ci-dessous figure un tableau regroupant les diff\u00e9rentes notations et r\u00e9alisations \u00e0 conna\u00eetre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-752b41c6 wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"uagb-separator-spacing-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M0 256C0 114.6 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 114.6 512 256C512 397.4 397.4 512 256 512C114.6 512 0 397.4 0 256zM371.8 211.8C382.7 200.9 382.7 183.1 371.8 172.2C360.9 161.3 343.1 161.3 332.2 172.2L224 280.4L179.8 236.2C168.9 225.3 151.1 225.3 140.2 236.2C129.3 247.1 129.3 264.9 140.2 275.8L204.2 339.8C215.1 350.7 232.9 350.7 243.8 339.8L371.8 211.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"A3\"><strong>Tableau d&rsquo;aide et de notation<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table has-medium-font-size\"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>Car. h\u00e9breu<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Car. latin<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Prononciation<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Ecriture arabe<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u05d0<\/td><td>\u0101, \u01df, a, \u00e4, \u0103 \u02c0<\/td><td>voyelle \/a\/, ultra br\u00e8ve \/\u0103\/, normale \/a\/ ou longue \/\u0101\/, peut pencher vers une voyelle proche du \u00e8 fran\u00e7ais \/\u00e4\/, \/\u01df\/, plus rarement, le graph\u00e8me \u05d0 marque un arr\u00eat glottal \/\u02c0\/. \u05d0\u05df peut noter la nasale fran\u00e7aise <em>an<\/em>\/<em>en<\/em> qui sera not\u00e9e \u0251\u0303 ou encore les nasales in\/ain\/un not\u00e9es \u025b\u0303.<\/td><td>\u0627,\u0621<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d1<\/td><td>b, \u1e05<\/td><td>\/b\/, parfois pharyngalis\u00e9<\/td><td>\u0628<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d2<\/td><td>g<\/td><td>\/g\/ dur comme le \/g\/ du fran\u00e7ais <em>gar\u00e7on<\/em><\/td><td>\u06a4 ,\u06af<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d2\u0323<\/td><td>\u017e<\/td><td>\/j\/ comme dans le fran\u00e7ais <em>jardin<\/em>. Toutefois, m\u00eame quand not\u00e9 \u05d2\u0323, il est souvent prononc\u00e9 \/z\/ (et peut donc aussi \u00eatre not\u00e9 \u05d6)<\/td><td>\u062c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d2\u0597<\/td><td>\u0121, x<\/td><td>proche du \/r\/ fran\u00e7ais ou du \u201cparisien\u201d d&rsquo;Edith Piaf. Il est parfois assourdi dans les parlers juifs en \/x\/, proche du \/ch\/ allemand ou du \/r\/ fran\u00e7ais dans des mots comme <em>trop<\/em> ou <em>prince<\/em>. Dans ce cas il est peut \u00eatre directement not\u00e9 \u05db\u0597<\/td><td>\u063a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d3<\/td><td>d, \u1e0d<\/td><td>\/d\/, parfois pharyngalis\u00e9 \/\u1e0d\/, dans ce cas, la graphie peut alterner entre \u05d3 et \u05e6\u0597<\/td><td>\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d4<\/td><td>h<\/td><td>\/h\/ \u00ab\u00a0aspir\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb comme dans l&rsquo;anglais <em>hot<\/em> ou <em>hard<\/em><\/td><td>\u0647<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d5<\/td><td>w, \u016b, \u014d, u, o, \u00f6, \u022b, \u00fc, \u01d6, \u016d<\/td><td>note la consonne \/w\/ ou bien les voyelles correspondantes r\u00e9alis\u00e9es \/u\/ (ou fran\u00e7ais) \/o\/ (comme le fran\u00e7ais <em>eau<\/em>) ou \/\u00f6\/ (comme le fran\u00e7ais eu de <em>peu<\/em>) et de diff\u00e9rentes longueurs. \u05d5\u05df peut noter la nasale fran\u00e7aise <em>on<\/em>, elle est transcrite \u0254\u0303<\/td><td>\u0648<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d6<\/td><td>z, \u1e93<\/td><td>\/z\/ ou \u00e0 mi chemin entre \/z\/ et \/j\/, peut \u00eatre pharyngalis\u00e9 par contact<\/td><td>\u0632<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d7<\/td><td>\u1e25<\/td><td>consonne pharyngale sourde, comme le h du pr\u00e9nom Mu\u1e25ammad<\/td><td>\u062d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d8<\/td><td>\u1e6d<\/td><td>\/t\/ \u201cemphatique\u201d (avec resserrement du pharynx et dos de la langue sur le voile du palais)<\/td><td>\u0637<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d9<\/td><td>y, \u012b, \u0113, i, e<\/td><td>note la consonne \/y\/ ou les voyelles correspondantes r\u00e9alis\u00e9es \/i\/ ou \/e\/. \u05d9\u05df peut noter la nasale fran\u00e7aise in\/ain, elle est not\u00e9e \u025b\u0303.<\/td><td>\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05db-\u05da<\/td><td>k, \u1e33<\/td><td>proche du \/k\/ fran\u00e7ais, peut aussi \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9 l\u00e9g\u00e8rement plus en arri\u00e8re<\/td><td>\u0643<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05db\u0597-\u05da\u0597<\/td><td>x<\/td><td>proche du \/ch\/ allemand, de la jota espagnole ou du \/r\/ fran\u00e7ais de mots comme <em>trop<\/em> ou <em>prince<\/em><\/td><td>\u062e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05dc<\/td><td>l, \u1e37<\/td><td>\/l\/, peut \u00eatre pharyngalis\u00e9 par contact<\/td><td>\u0644<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05de-\u05dd<\/td><td>m, \u1e43<\/td><td>\/m\/, peut \u00eatre pharyngalis\u00e9 par contact<\/td><td>\u0645<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e0-\u05df<\/td><td>n, \u1e47<\/td><td>\/n\/, peut \u00eatre pharyngalis\u00e9 par contact<\/td><td>\u0646<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e1<\/td><td>s, \u1e63<\/td><td>\/s\/, peut \u00eatre pharyngalis\u00e9 par contact<\/td><td>\u0633<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e2<\/td><td>\u02c1<\/td><td>consonne pharyngale sonore, comme devant le \/a\/ du pr\u00e9nom arabe \u02c1Ali<\/td><td>\u0639<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e4-\u05e3<\/td><td>p, \u1e57<\/td><td>\/p\/, parfois pharyngalis\u00e9. R\u00e9alis\u00e9 \/f\/ dans certains cas d&#8217;emprunts \u00e0 l&rsquo;h\u00e9breu<\/td><td>\u067e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e6-\u05e5<\/td><td>\u1e63<\/td><td>\/s\/ \u201cemphatique\u201d (avec resserrement du pharynx et dos de la langue sur le voile du palais), parfois r\u00e9alis\u00e9 \/s\/ standard et not\u00e9 \u05e1<\/td><td>\u0635<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e6\u0597-\u05e5\u0597<\/td><td>\u1e0d, \u1e6d<\/td><td>\/d\/ \u201cemphatique\u201d(avec resserrement du pharynx et dos de la langue sur le voile du palais, parfois r\u00e9alis\u00e9 \/d\/ standard et not\u00e9 \u05d3, ou assourdi en \/\u1e6d\/ voire d\u00e9pharyngalis\u00e9 \/t\/ donc not\u00e9 \u05d8 ou \u05ea<\/td><td>\u0636<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e7<\/td><td>q, \u02c0, g, k, \u1e33<\/td><td>\/k\/ uvulaire, comme dans le pr\u00e9nom arabe Qader mais prononciation tr\u00e8s fluctuante selon les dialectes. Peut \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en arr\u00eat glottal \/\u02c0\/ (F\u00e8s, Sefrou, Sal\u00e9&#8230;), en v\u00e9laire \/k\/ (Tafilalet) ou encore sonoris\u00e9 \/g\/ dans le cas de quelques emprunts \u00e0 des parlers b\u00e9douins ou ruraux. et dans ce cas souvent not\u00e9 \u05d2<\/td><td>\u0642<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e8<\/td><td>r, \u1e5b<\/td><td>\/r\/ roul\u00e9, parfois pharyngalis\u00e9<\/td><td>\u0631<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e9<\/td><td>\u0161, s<\/td><td>proche du \/ch\/ fran\u00e7ais quand chuint\u00e9 mais le plus souvent r\u00e9alis\u00e9e \/s\/ et not\u00e9 \u05e1 ou entre \/s\/ et \/\u0161\/<\/td><td>\u0634<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05ea<\/td><td>t, \u0163<\/td><td>\/t\/, affriqu\u00e9 en \/ts\/ dans de nombreuses variantes de jud\u00e9o-marocain et dans ces cas not\u00e9 \/\u0163\/<\/td><td>\u062a<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-13b600c1 wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"uagb-separator-spacing-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M0 256C0 114.6 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 114.6 512 256C512 397.4 397.4 512 256 512C114.6 512 0 397.4 0 256zM371.8 211.8C382.7 200.9 382.7 183.1 371.8 172.2C360.9 161.3 343.1 161.3 332.2 172.2L224 280.4L179.8 236.2C168.9 225.3 151.1 225.3 140.2 236.2C129.3 247.1 129.3 264.9 140.2 275.8L204.2 339.8C215.1 350.7 232.9 350.7 243.8 339.8L371.8 211.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"A4\"><strong>What is this dictionary ?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It covers the lexicon of all the Arabic languages spoken by Moroccan Jews, in both oral and written form. It is made up of terms from field surveys, published texts, literature, academic studies, recordings, existing lexicons or dictionaries, private letters, social network discussions, as well as unpublished texts or collections. Details of our sources can be found in the \u201cSources\u201d section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-99956a37 wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"uagb-separator-spacing-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M0 256C0 114.6 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 114.6 512 256C512 397.4 397.4 512 256 512C114.6 512 0 397.4 0 256zM371.8 211.8C382.7 200.9 382.7 183.1 371.8 172.2C360.9 161.3 343.1 161.3 332.2 172.2L224 280.4L179.8 236.2C168.9 225.3 151.1 225.3 140.2 236.2C129.3 247.1 129.3 264.9 140.2 275.8L204.2 339.8C215.1 350.7 232.9 350.7 243.8 339.8L371.8 211.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"A5\"><strong>How to search for a word<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The dictionary entries are organized according to the reference forms of standard Moroccan Arabic. Indeed, the Jewish varieties of Moroccan Arabic are diverse, with each word having numerous variants, both spoken and written. So, in order to bring together the different regional forms, it was decided to group them under the reference forms of the standard dialect, even though these forms are only rarely attested in Jewish dialects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Given the phonetic and phonological specificities of these dialects, certain research reflexes will need to be acquired. First of all, Judeo-Moroccan dialects have most often amalgamated the sounds \/\u0161\/ (\u05e9) and \/s\/ (\u05e1), reduced to \/s\/ (\u05e1). The realization of so-called \u201cemphatic\u201d consonants is often weak. These are then sometimes amalgamated with their non-emphatic forms in actual pronunciation. Thus, \/s\/ (\u05e1) and \/\u1e63\/ (\u05e6) are often spelled with \u05e1, or \/d\/ (\u05d3) and \/\u1e0d\/ (\u05e6\u0307) with \u05d3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A few examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">the verb \u201cto see\u201d, in Judeo-Moroccan s\u0101f, is most often found spelled \u05e1\u05d0\u05e3\u0307 in texts in Hebrew script. Yet the \/s\/ in s\u0101f is derived from an etymological \/\u0161\/ (sh), as proposed by standard Moroccan Arabic \u0161\u0101f. So it&rsquo;s to \u201c\u05e9\u05d0\u05e3\u201d (\u0161\u0101f) that we&rsquo;ll have to look in the dictionary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The adjective \u201cskinny\u201d is often spelled \u05d3\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3\u0307 in Judeo-Moroccan. Yet the \/d\/ sound of this word is \u201cemphatic\u201d in standard Moroccan \/\u1e0d\/. It will therefore be found at \u05e6\u0307\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3\u0307 in the dictionary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dictionary users will have to get used to testing several formulas in their searches. He will therefore have to alternate between chuintant and sibilant (\u05e1, \u05e9, \u05d6, \u05e6, \u05d2\u0323), emphatic and non-emphatic consonants (\u05d3-\u05e6\u0307, \u05e1-\u05e6, \u05ea-\u05d8) as well as voiced and voiceless (\u05d3-\u05ea, \u05e1-\u05d6, \u05d8-\u05e6\u0307). However, in order to reduce these difficulties inherent in the composite nature of the dialect and its non-standardized notations, a number of rejected forms have been added for each lexical item. These should automatically redirect the user to the desired term. Below is a table of the various notations and realizations to be aware of.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So we must bear in mind that a word spelled with \u05e1 in a text may be classified as \u05e6 in the dictionary, or even \u05e9 depending on its etymology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-4669192b wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"uagb-separator-spacing-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M0 256C0 114.6 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 114.6 512 256C512 397.4 397.4 512 256 512C114.6 512 0 397.4 0 256zM371.8 211.8C382.7 200.9 382.7 183.1 371.8 172.2C360.9 161.3 343.1 161.3 332.2 172.2L224 280.4L179.8 236.2C168.9 225.3 151.1 225.3 140.2 236.2C129.3 247.1 129.3 264.9 140.2 275.8L204.2 339.8C215.1 350.7 232.9 350.7 243.8 339.8L371.8 211.8z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"A6\"><strong>Help Table<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table has-medium-font-size\"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>Hebrew  script<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Latin script<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Pronunciation<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Arabic script<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u05d0<\/td><td>\u0101, \u01df, a, \u00e4, \u0103 \u02c0<\/td><td>\/a\/ as in <em>hard<\/em>, ultra short \/\u0103\/, normal \/a\/ or long \/\u0101\/, may lean towards a vowel close to that of <em>bad<\/em> or even <em>bed<\/em>, transcribed as \/\u00e4\/ or long \/\u01df\/, more rarely, the grapheme \u05d0 marks a glottal stop \/\u02c0\/. The French nasal sound \/an\/ or \/en\/ is transcribed as \u0251\u0303 (\u05d0\u05df), sometimes \u05d0\u05df stands for the nasal \/in\/, \/ain\/, and \/un\/, then transcribed as \u025b\u0303.<\/td><td>\u0627,\u0621<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d1<\/td><td>b, \u1e05<\/td><td>\/b\/, can be pharyngealized by contact<\/td><td>\u0628<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d2<\/td><td>g<\/td><td>\/g\/ as in English <em>girl<\/em><\/td><td>\u06a4 ,\u06af<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d2\u0323<\/td><td>\u017e<\/td><td>non-affricate \/j\/ as in French Jacques. However, even when noted \u05d2\u0323, it is often pronounced \/z\/ (and can therefore also be spelled as \u05d6)<\/td><td>\u062c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d2\u0597<\/td><td>\u0121, x<\/td><td>close to Edith Piaf&rsquo;s French \/r\/. Sometimes voiceless in Jewish speech \/x\/, then close to German \/ch\/ or Spanish Jota<\/td><td>\u063a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d3<\/td><td>d, \u1e0d<\/td><td>\/d\/, sometimes pharyngealized \/\u1e0d\/, in which case the spelling may alternate between \u05d3 and \u05e6\u0597<\/td><td>\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d4<\/td><td>h<\/td><td>\/h\/ \u00ab\u00a0aspir\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb comme dans l&rsquo;anglais <em>hot<\/em> or <em>hard<\/em><\/td><td>\u0647<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d5<\/td><td>w, \u016b, \u014d, u, o, \u00f6, \u022b, \u00fc, \u01d6, \u016d, \u014f<\/td><td>consonant \/w\/ or corresponding vowels \/u\/, \/o\/ or \/\u00f6\/ (both like in english <em>girl<\/em> or French <em>je<\/em>) of different lengths. The French nasal sound \/on\/ is transcribed as \u0254\u0303 (\u05d5\u05df)<\/td><td>\u0648<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d6<\/td><td>z, \u1e93<\/td><td>\/z\/ or midway between \/z\/ and \/j\/, can be pharyngealized by contact<\/td><td>\u0632<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d7<\/td><td>\u1e25<\/td><td>voiceless pharyngeal consonant, like h in the first name Mu\u1e25ammad<\/td><td>\u062d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d8<\/td><td>\u1e6d<\/td><td>\u201cemphatic\u201d \/t\/ (with narrowing of the pharynx and back of the tongue on the soft palate)<\/td><td>\u0637<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05d9<\/td><td>y, \u012b, \u0113, i, e<\/td><td>consonant \/y\/ or the corresponding vowels \/i\/ or \/e\/. The French nasal sound \/in\/ or \/ain\/ is transcribed as \u025b\u0303 (\u05d9\u05df)<\/td><td>\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05db-\u05da<\/td><td>k, \u1e33<\/td><td>\/k\/, can also be realized slightly further back<\/td><td>\u0643<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05db\u0597-\u05da\u0597<\/td><td>x<\/td><td>close to German \/ch\/ or Spanish Jota<\/td><td>\u062e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05dc<\/td><td>l, \u1e37<\/td><td>\/l\/, can be pharyngealized by contact<\/td><td>\u0644<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05de-\u05dd<\/td><td>m, \u1e43<\/td><td>\/m\/, can be pharyngealized by contact<\/td><td>\u0645<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e0-\u05df<\/td><td>n, \u1e47<\/td><td>\/n\/, can be pharyngealized by contact<\/td><td>\u0646<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e1<\/td><td>s, \u1e63<\/td><td>\/s\/, can be pharyngealized by contact<\/td><td>\u0633<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e2<\/td><td>\u02c1<\/td><td>sonorous pharyngeal consonant, as in front of the \/a\/ of the Arabic first name \u02c1Ali<\/td><td>\u0639<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e4-\u05e3<\/td><td>p, \u1e57<\/td><td>\/p\/, sometimes pharyngealized. Realized \/f\/ in some cases of Hebrew loanwords<\/td><td>\u067e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e6-\u05e5<\/td><td>\u1e63<\/td><td>\u201cemphatic\u201d \/s\/ (with tightening of the pharynx and back of the tongue on the soft palate), sometimes realized as a standard \/s\/ and noted \u05e1<\/td><td>\u0635<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e6\u0597-\u05e5\u0597<\/td><td>\u1e0d, \u1e6d<\/td><td>\u00ab\u00a0emphatic\u201d \/d\/ (with narrowing of the pharynx and back of the tongue on the soft palate), sometimes realized as a standard \/d\/ and then spelled \u05d3, or as a voiceless \/\u1e6d\/ or even depharyngalized \/t\/ thus noted \u05d8 or \u05ea<\/td><td>\u0636<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e7<\/td><td>q, \u02c0, g, k, \u1e33<\/td><td>uvular \/k\/, as in the Arabic first name Qader, but pronunciation fluctuates widely depending on the dialect. Can be realized as a glottal stop \/\u02c0\/ (F\u00e8s, Sefrou, Sal\u00e9\u2026), as a velar \/k\/ (Tafilalet) or even sonorized as \/g\/ in the case of some borrowings from Bedouin or rural speakers, and in this case often noted \u05d2<\/td><td>\u0642<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e8<\/td><td>r, \u1e5b<\/td><td>rolled \/r\/, sometimes pharyngealized<\/td><td>\u0631<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05e9<\/td><td>\u0161, s<\/td><td>can be close to English \/sh\/ but most often realized \/s\/ or between \/s\/ and \/\u0161\/, and the, noted \u05e1<\/td><td>\u0634<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u05ea<\/td><td>t, \u0163<\/td><td>\/t\/, affricated into \/ts\/ in many variants of Judeo-Moroccan and in these cases noted \/\u0163\/.<\/td><td>\u062a<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que ce dictionnaire Comment chercher un mot Tableau d&rsquo;aide et de notation What is this dictionnary ? How to search for a word Help Table Qu\u2019est-ce que ce dictionnaire ? Il recouvre le lexique de tous les parlers arabes des Juifs du Maroc, sous ses formes orales et \u00e9crites. Il est constitu\u00e9 de termes &#8230; <a title=\"Accueil\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Accueil\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12","page","type-page","status-publish"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"david.musnik","author_link":"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/author\/david-musnik\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Qu&rsquo;est-ce que ce dictionnaire Comment chercher un mot Tableau d&rsquo;aide et de notation What is this dictionnary ? How to search for a word Help Table Qu\u2019est-ce que ce dictionnaire ? Il recouvre le lexique de tous les parlers arabes des Juifs du Maroc, sous ses formes orales et \u00e9crites. Il est constitu\u00e9 de termes\u2026","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12"}],"version-history":[{"count":42,"href":"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":426,"href":"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12\/revisions\/426"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jonas-sibony.com\/djm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}